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Medical care and well-being in Cuba
Before visiting Cuba, it is important to consider some health aspects. Potential health risks include diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus and chikungunya, which are transmitted by mosquitoes. To protect yourself, it is advisable to use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved clothing and place mosquito nets over your bed. In addition, travelers should make sure to drink only bottled or boiled water to avoid gastrointestinal illnesses. It is also advisable to find out about the current vaccination recommendations for Cuba and, if necessary, receive vaccinations against diseases such as hepatitis A and typhoid before traveling. During your stay, it is important to take care of your health and seek medical help if necessary. Cuba has a well-developed healthcare system with qualified doctors and modern medical facilities. By following these simple precautions and taking care of your health, you can enjoy a safe and pleasant stay in Cuba.
Important
If you notice any symptoms of illness in Cuba, seek medical help immediately. Discuss recommended vaccinations and possible medication with your doctor before your trip.
Good to know: Cuba is free of endemic diseases such as malaria and yellow fever, but travelers should take precautionary measures.
Healthcare system in Cuba
In Cuba, the healthcare system is known for its universality, accessibility and quality of care. It is based on a public healthcare model that is free for all citizens. The system places a strong focus on preventative measures and community medicine, allowing a wide range of health services to be offered, from primary care to specialized treatments. Cuba's healthcare system is characterized by a network of hospitals, clinics, general practitioners and community health centers that are available throughout the country. In addition, Cuba attaches great importance to the training and commitment of doctors, who regularly take part in international training programs to expand and deepen their medical skills.
Diseases
Cuba can have a variety of diseases, including dengue fever, Zika virus, chikungunya, gastrointestinal diseases and hepatitis. These diseases are often transmitted through mosquito bites, contaminated water or food. It is important to be aware of the symptoms of these diseases and take preventative measures to minimize the risk of infection.
Learn more about on this page:
- Dengue fever
- Zika virus
- Chikungunya
- Vaccinations for Cuba
Take a look at our tips for your first-aid kit for Cuba!
Travel preparation
Tips and advice for Cuba
Medical advice: Before traveling, travelers should seek medical advice to learn about the specific health risks in Cuba and receive recommendations for necessary vaccinations.
Vaccinations: Make sure you have all required vaccinations that are recommended for Cuba. These usually include vaccinations against hepatitis A and B, typhoid, tetanus and influenza. Depending on your itinerary and personal health factors, further vaccinations may be recommended.
First-aid kit: Pack a first-aid kit with important medicines and consumables, including medicines for diarrhea, pain, fever, insect bites and stomach complaints. Don't forget to pack prescription drugs and personal medication. Read more about first-aid kits here
Insect repellent: As diseases such as dengue fever and Zika virus are transmitted by mosquitoes, it is important to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Use insect repellent with DEET, wear long-sleeved clothing and sleep under a mosquito net, especially in the evening and at night.
Avoid contaminated water and food: Drink only bottled or boiled water and avoid eating uncooked food or food from street stalls. Observe good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing with soap.
Travel health insurance: Take out travel health insurance to cover the costs in the event of a medical emergency in Cuba. Make sure that the insurance also covers repatriation in an emergency in order to be fully protected.
Precaution
- Use of insect repellents
- Drinking bottled or boiled water
- No consumption of uncooked food
- Observe hygiene practices
- Seek medical advice before traveling
- Follow recommended vaccinations and health regulations
Contact and support
Cuba's healthcare system includes a network of hospitals, clinics, polyclinics and community health centers throughout the country that provide medical care for locals and tourists. The doctors and medical staff in Cuba are well trained and can help with various health problems. Many of them also speak English or other foreign languages. In an emergency, travelers can reach the emergency service in Cuba by dialing 104. This service is available around the clock and offers help in medical emergencies.
In addition, your own country's embassies and consulates in Cuba can be a source of support, especially in the event of serious health problems or medical emergencies. They can help with arranging medical care and communicating with local authorities. Tour guides and tour operators can also assist in organizing medical care and support in the event of illness during a trip to Cuba.
Medical care
There is definitely no reliable rescue system in Cuba, i.e. it cannot be assumed that the usual maximum alert time of approx. 15 minutes between the emergency call and the arrival of the ambulance, as is the case in Germany, will be adhered to, nor that there will always be enough qualified paramedics or doctors on board the ambulance. In many rural areas in particular, the provision of health and emergency care is often not comparable with European technical and hygiene standards.
Medical treatment for foreigners in Cuba is only provided in special hospitals for foreigners or foreigner departments of hospitals. In the case of acute emergencies, initial treatment (for a fee) is also provided in other hospitals. The costs may exceed the usual costs in Germany.
This is not the only reason why it is essential to take out foreign travel health insurance that includes repatriation in an emergency before you travel.
Vaccinations for a trip to Cuba
Short and sweet
It is advisable to consult with a doctor or travel medicine specialist well in advance of your trip to discuss your individual health needs and receive the recommended vaccinations. In addition to vaccinations, you should also consider other preventative measures such as mosquito repellent and hygiene measures to protect your health during your trip.
Check list
The following vaccinations are normally recommended for a trip to Cuba:
1. routine vaccinations (tetanus, diphtheria, etc.).
2. hepatitis A.
3. hepatitis B.
4. typhoid.
5. rabies (depending on travel plans).
6. cholera (depending on travel plans).
Travel vaccinations
Travel vaccinations are important preventive measures designed to protect travelers from certain infectious diseases that can occur in different regions of the world. These vaccinations aim to reduce the risk of infection with diseases such as hepatitis, typhoid, yellow fever, rabies and others that can be transmitted through contaminated water, infected insect bites or contact with infected animals. Recommendations for travel vaccinations depend on several factors, including the destination, length of stay, type of local activities and the health status of the traveler. Before traveling, it is advisable to consult a doctor or travel medicine specialist for individual advice and to ensure that all necessary vaccinations can be administered in good time before departure.
It is advisable to consult a doctor or travel medicine specialist before traveling to discuss individual vaccination needs. Also check your standard vaccinations according to the Robert Koch Institute's current vaccination calendar for children and adults and bring them up to date if necessary.
No specific vaccinations are generally required for travel to Cuba. However, there are some vaccinations that are generally recommended, regardless of the destination. These include:
Routine vaccinations:
Routine vaccinations are standard vaccinations that are recommended for all people, regardless of travel plans, to protect them from certain infectious diseases. These include vaccinations against diseases such as tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and influenza (flu). These vaccinations are important to provide individual protection and prevent the spread of diseases in the population. They are usually administered in childhood and can be boosted as needed in adulthood.
Hepatitis A:
Hepatitis A is a viral liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is mainly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) and dark urine. Hepatitis A vaccination provides effective protection against this disease and is particularly recommended for travelers to countries with inadequate sanitary infrastructure, including many destinations in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Hepatitis B:
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids such as blood, semen or saliva. The disease can be acute or chronic and can lead to liver inflammation, liver damage and liver cancer. Symptoms can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe liver damage. The hepatitis B vaccination is a safe and effective protection against this disease and is routinely administered in childhood in many countries. Vaccination is also recommended for travelers to countries with a high prevalence of hepatitis B or for those who may have close contact with locals.
Typhoid fever:
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is mainly transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water or food. Symptoms of typhoid fever can include fever, headache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, skin rashes and, in severe cases, even life-threatening complications. The typhoid vaccine offers effective protection against this disease and is particularly recommended for travelers to regions with inadequate sanitary infrastructure, such as many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Rabies:
Rabies is a fatal viral infectious disease caused by the Rabies virus. Transmission usually occurs through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, often dogs or bats. The disease progresses in several stages and leads to death if left untreated. Symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, paralysis and convulsions. The rabies vaccination is a preventative measure that is particularly recommended for travelers who are traveling in areas with an increased risk of rabies, such as rural regions of Africa, Asia and South America.
Zika virus
Short and sweet
The Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever, skin rash, joint pain and red eyes in humans. Of particular concern is its link to health problems in pregnant women; therefore mosquito bites should be avoided by using insect repellent and wearing appropriate clothing.
Transmission route of the Zika virus
The Zika virus is transmitted from humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, in particular by "Ae. aegypti". This mosquito species is mainly found in the tropics and subtropics and is active during the day. In addition, the virus can also be transmitted from mother to child through sexual intercourse, blood transfusions or during pregnancy.
Disease and symptoms
Infection with the Zika virus often occurs without any recognizable symptoms or with only mild symptoms, which usually occur three to fourteen days after the mosquito bite. Typical signs include fever, skin rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis and occasionally muscle achesor headaches. These symptoms usually subside within two to seven days.
Although deaths are rare and usually related to existing health problems, there is an increased risk of neurological complications, particularly Guillain-Barré syndrome, which is associated with progressive paralysis.
Distribution
The Zika virus was first discovered in humans in Uganda in 1952. In the following years, the virus was detected in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia through laboratory-confirmed cases. From 2007 onwards, Zika virus outbreaks occurred on several Pacific islands. New outbreaks of Zika virus are reported in travel and safety advisories and by the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control(ECDC).
Diagnosis and treatment
The diagnosis of a Zika virus infection is challenging as it is closely linked to other mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue or chikungunya fever. A clear distinction can often only be made by means of a blood test to directly identify the virus or shortly after infection by detecting antibodies. It is assumed that a completed infection provides lifelong immunity against the Zika virus.
In terms of therapy, there is no specific treatment against the Zika virus. Treatment is therefore symptom-oriented in order to alleviate the symptoms. It is important to emphasize that Zika virus infection is particularly risky for pregnant women, as it can cause serious complications such as microcephaly in the newborn. Therefore, pregnant women should avoid traveling to Zika-affected areas and take appropriate protective measures against mosquito bites.
Dengue fever
Short and sweet
Dengue fever is transmittedby the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoesand causes fever, severe headache and skin rash. The symptoms can be alleviated with fluids and painkillers; the best protection is to avoid mosquito bites.
Transmission route of dengue fever
Dengue fever is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, in particular Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and can transmit the virus to humans. Once infected, the mosquitoes can pass on the virus for the rest of their lives by biting other people. Direct transmission from person to person is rare, as the main route of transmission is through mosquito bites. Aedes mosquitoes are mainly active during the day, especially early in the morning and in the evening before dusk. In certain regions of Southeast Asia and Africa, monkeys can also serve as hosts for the virus, which further influences the spread of the disease. It is therefore important to protect yourself from mosquito bites in order to avoid dengue infection.
Disease and symptoms
Dengue fever can occur in three main forms:
- Dengue fever is an acute, febrile illness that causes sudden fever, muscle pain and often a skin rash. Due to the severe pain, it is also known as "breakbone fever". Most patients recover within a few days.
- Dengue hemorrhagic fever also begins with fever, but can lead to bleeding due to thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability.
- Dengue shock syndrome is a rare but life-threatening complication that causes a rapid drop in blood pressure. Without timely treatment, up to 50% of cases can be fatal.
The incubation period is usually 3 to 14 days, typically 7 to 10 days, after a mosquito bite.
The clinical diagnosis of dengue fever is difficult due to non-specific symptoms. The dengue virus is preferably detected during the viremic phase using PCR. Markers such as the dengue NS1 protein and antibodies can also contribute to the diagnosis. Warning signs of a severe course appear 3-7 days after the first symptoms and include abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, shortness of breath and bleeding. Appropriate medical care is required to avoid life-threatening complications. Symptoms usually resolve within 2-7 days, but can become life-threatening, especially if untreated or severe.
Therapy and prevention
For dengue fever in the fever phase without complications, treatment is similar to that of common flu. Antipyretic medication is administered and sufficient fluid intake is ensured. There is no specific antiviral therapy, so treatment focuses on alleviating the symptoms. In severe cases with shock, a drop in blood pressure or bleeding, immediate hospitalization is required, often with intravenous fluids and blood transfusions if necessary.
Travelers in high-risk areas should take measures to avoid mosquito bites both during the day and at night. This includes using repellents on uncovered skin and wearing mosquito-proof clothing. The use of mosquito nets, especially at night, is also recommended.
A vaccination against dengue fever has been available in Germany since February 2023. However, the vaccine, Dengvaxia from Sanofi, is only recommended for people who have already had a dengue infection and are traveling to areas where there is a risk of re-infection. Since February 2023, the Qdenga vaccine from Takeda has also been approved for use in travel medicine. The vaccination is recommended for people who can prove a previous dengue infection and are traveling to areas at risk. It is recommended to receive both vaccinations three months apart. People who do not belong to this group can also be vaccinated, but should be informed about the possible risks.
Chikungunya fever
Short and sweet
Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes sudden fever, severe joint pain and skin rash. Treatment focuses on relieving the symptoms, while prevention consists of avoiding mosquito bites by wearing suitable clothing and insect repellent.
Pathogen and transmission
The chikungunya virus, which belongs to the Togaviridae family, is mainly transmitted by infected female mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Aedes albopictus in particular, but also Aedes aegypti play a role.
Clinical picture
Chikungunya typically occurs 7 to 9 days after the bite of an infected mosquito, but can also occur within 3 to 12 days. It manifests itself through high fever, severe joint and muscle pain and headaches, sometimes accompanied by a skin rash. Although the disease is not usually life-threatening, more severe courses can occur in some people, particularly newborns, the elderly and people with chronic illnesses.
Long-lasting fatigue and joint pain can persist for weeks to months. There is currently no specific treatment for chikungunya. Therapy therefore focuses on alleviating the symptoms with antipyretic and analgesic medication. Medication containing salicylates should be avoided as they can have blood-thinning effects.
Spread and incidence
Chikungunya fever is endemic in many countries, but has also spread to Central America, the Caribbean, some countries in South America and individual states in the southern USA, while imported cases have occurred in Europe from returning travelers, with the risk of local transmission in countries such as Switzerland from introduced Aedes mosquitoes.
To minimize the risk of contracting chikungunya fever in affected areas, the only preventative approach at this time is to protect against mosquito bites by wearing long-sleeved clothing, using insect repellent and sleeping under a mosquito net; for more information on spread and prevention, consult a travel medicine doctor.
The perfect first-aid kit
Short and sweet
A well-stocked first-aid kit is important for a trip to Cuba. This includes medication for stomach upsets, headaches and allergies as well as sunscreen, insect repellent and first aid supplies. Take sufficient quantities of your prescription medication with you.
What should you definitely take with you?
A first-aid kit is an indispensable companion for every traveler. It contains a selection of medicines and dressings that are needed to treat common health complaints during the trip. A well-stocked first-aid kit can help treat minor injuries, alleviate gastrointestinal complaints, combat motion sickness and be prepared for other health problems. With a first-aid kit, you can enjoy your trip more carefree as you are prepared in case of unexpected health problems. Don't forget to customize your first-aid kit to your personal needs and add additional medication if necessary.
Paracetamol and ibuprofen are useful for headaches, muscle aches, toothache and fever. You should also choose a painkiller that works best for you.
A highly effective insect repellent with a high DEET content is essential to prevent mosquito bites and other insect bites, especially in areas with a high risk of mosquitoes.
Motion sickness can be unpleasant. Pack motion sickness medication to relieve nausea and dizziness, especially for seasickness or long car journeys.
Antacids relieve heartburn, while anti-diarrheal medications help with stomach complaints. Also consider anti-nausea and vomiting remedies for motion sickness or intolerable foods.
Choose a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF) to protect your skin from sunburn and sun damage. Also think about lip balm with UV protection.
Supplement your first-aid kit with a first-aid guide or a small first-aid book containing basic first-aid measures for emergencies.
A kit with dressing materials should contain gauze bandages, sterile compresses, plasters, disinfectant, scissors and tweezers. These are useful for treating cuts, scrapes and minor injuries.
Antihistamines can help with allergic reactions to food, plants or insect bites. They are also useful in the treatment of allergic reactions such as skin rashes or itching.
Travel sickness can be unpleasant. Pack medication to relieve nausea and dizziness, especially for seasickness or long car journeys.
Drinking water in Cuba
Short and sweet
Drinking tap water in Cuba can lead to gastrointestinal illnesses as it may contain impurities. It is recommended to use bottled water to minimize health risks.
What you should know
Cuba, with its rich history, vibrant culture and breathtaking landscapes, attracts millions of visitors every year. But as you prepare for your Cuban adventure, it's important to understand some aspects of the local infrastructure, particularly the drinking water supply.
Tap water in Cuba is not always safe to drink, especially for people who are not used to it. Even though the water in some hotels and tourist facilities is purified and filtered, it can still contain impurities that can cause stomach discomfort for travelers. To ensure that you stay hydrated and healthy during your stay in Cuba, we recommend that you use bottled water. Bottled water is readily available in supermarkets, small stores and hotels and is a reliable and safe alternative.
You should also ensure that you use clean water when consuming food. The dishes and cutlery in restaurants are usually properly cleaned, but it is advisable to avoid ice cubes in drinks made from tap water to minimize the risk of stomach upsets.
By being aware of the drinking water situation and taking appropriate precautions, you can make your stay in Cuba even more enjoyable and concentrate fully on exploring this fascinating country.
Drinking tap water in Cuba can potentially lead to various health problems, mainly due to impurities in the water. The most common illnesses that can be caused by consuming contaminated water include:
Gastrointestinal diseases: Bacteria, viruses or parasites in tap water can cause gastrointestinal illnesses such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting. These illnesses can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of contamination and the sensitivity of the individual.
Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Infection usually occurs through contaminated water or food. Typical symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can cause dehydration. Treatment includes the administration of fluids and electrolytes. Vaccination and good hygiene, especially clean drinking water, are important preventive measures.
Gastrointestinal infections: Certain bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Salmonella can be present in tap water and cause gastrointestinal infections that can lead to severe diarrhea, fever and dehydration.
Parasitic infections: Parasites such as Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium can survive in tap water and lead to parasitic infections when drunk, which can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea.
Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a viral infection that can be transmitted by consuming contaminated water or food. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain and jaundice.
Typhoid fever: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi and can be transmitted through the consumption of contaminated water or food. Symptoms include fever, headache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and skin rash.
Not all people who drink tap water in Cuba become ill. However, people with sensitive gastrointestinal systems or weakened immune systems are at particular risk. It is therefore recommended to drink bottled or boiled water to avoid illness.
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